Class 10th Easy Notes History Ch 5 THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION

Headings of your text

1. Before The Industrial Revolution
2. Hand Labor And Steam Power
3. Industrialization Within The Colonies
4. Factories Come Up
5. The Peculiarities Of Commercial Growth
6. Marketplace For Goods

Before The Economic Revolution

• All too often we associate industrialization with the expansion of factory industry.
• There is a drag with such ideas. Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for a global market.
• Many historians now ask this phase of industrialization as Proto-industrialization.
• With the expansion of world trade and therefore the acquisition of colonies, the demand for goods began growing.
• But merchants couldn't expand production within towns. This was because, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful here.
• Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to supply and trade specific products.
• It was therefore difficult for brand spanking new merchants to line up business in towns in order that they turned to the countryside.
• In the countryside regions poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants.
• When merchants came across and offered advances to supply goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
• London came to be referred to as finishing center.
• Production was controlled by merchants and goods were produced by peasants.

1.1  The Coming From The Factory

• By the 1730 the earliest factories came up in England  But it had been only within the late 18th century that the amount of factories multiplied.
• Cotton was the first sign of the new era.
• In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton By 1787 this import increase to 22 million pounds.
• Richard Arkwright invented the textile mill.
• Production was done by families till now.
• But now new machines might be purchased and setup.
• Products were more in quantity and better in quality.

1.2  The Pace Of Commercial Change

• How rapid was the method of industrialization?
• Does industrialization mean only the expansion of factory industries?
• Cotton was the leading sector within the first phase of industrialization up to the 1840's.
• With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840's and within the colonies from the 1860's, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.
• First : Britain was exporting steel and iron value about £ 77 crore by 1873, it was double the worth of its cotton export.
• Second : the new industries couldn't easily displace traditional industries.
• Third : Ordinary and little innovations were the premise of growth in many non-mechanized sectors like pottery, glass work, tanning, food processing, building, furniture making, and production of implements.
• Fourth: technological changes occurred slowly. They didn't spread dramatically across the economic landscape.
• In mid 19th century a worker wasn't a machine operator but a standard craft’s men and labourer.

Hand Labor and Steam Power

• In Victorian Britain there was no scarcity of human labor.
• They didn't want to introduce machines that got obviate human labor and required large capital investment.
• Industrialist preferred hand labor apart from machines due to its seasonal nature.
• Machines were oriented to making uniforms, standardized goods for a mass market.
• The aristocrats and therefore the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand.
• They were better finished, individually produced, and punctiliously designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonial regions.

2.1  Life Of The Workers

• As news of possible jobs spread, hundreds tramped to the cities.
• Many jobseekers had to attend weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.
• The poor were on the streets again, after the busy season was over.
• In 19th century wages increased.
• The number of days of labor determined the typical daily income of the workers.
• Till the mid 19th century, about 10 per cent of the urban population were extremely poor.
• The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of latest technology.
• Working women now opposing spinning machine.
• After the 1840's, building activity intensified within the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
• New railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, roads were widened, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked.
• In the 1840's, the number of workers employed within the transport industry doubled, and doubled again within the subsequent 30 years.

Industrialization Within The Colonies

3.1  The Age Of Indian Textiles

• Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India influence the international market in textiles.
• A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this web of export trade – financing production, supplying exporters and carrying goods.
• This network, controlled by Indian merchants, was breaking down, by 1750's.
• The European companies slowly gained power – first securing a spread of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade.
• This resulted during a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hooghly through which local merchants had operated.
• In the last years of the 17th century, the gross value of trade through Surat had been Rs 16 million. By the 1740's it had declined to Rs 3 million.
• Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was taken away in European ships.
• How did these changes affect the lifetime of weavers and other artisans?

3.2  What Happened To Weavers?

• British cotton industries had not yet expanded and in Europe, Indian fine textiles were in great demand.
• The French, Dutch, Portuguese also because the local traders competed within the market to secure woven cloth.
• So the weaver and provide merchants could bargain and check out selling the produce to the most effective buyer.
• The east India Company established political power, it could declare a monopoly right to trade.
• They develop a system of management and control that might eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
• First : The company tried to eliminate the prevailing traders and brokers connected with the fabric trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver.
• Company hire a paid servant called the gomastha to  collect supplies, supervise weavers, and examine the standard of fabric.
• Second: It prevented Company weavers from coping with other buyers.
• Once an order was placed, the weavers got loans to get the staple for his or her production.
• Now that they had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
• In many weaving villages there have been reports of clashes between weavers and gomastha.
• The new gomastha were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They marched into villages with peons and sepoys, and punished weavers for slow up in supply – they often beat and flogg them.
• The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the worth they received from the corporate was miserably low and therefore the loans that they had accepted tied them to the company.

3.3  Manchester Comes To India

• In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it had been no quite 3%.
•  In England, as cotton industries developed, industrial groups starts worrying about imports from other countries.
• They pressurized the govt to force import duties on cotton textiles in order that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.
• Industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets also.
• There had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India, at the end of the 18th century.
• Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at an equivalent time: their export market collapsed, and therefore the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports.
• Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers couldn't easily compete with them.
• By the 1860's, weavers faced a new problem. they might not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of excellent quality.
• When the American war broke out and cotton supplies from the US were completely stop, Britain turned to India.
• Weavers in India were starved of supplies and compelled to shop for raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
• By the end of the 19th century, weavers and other craftspeople faced yet one more problem
• Factories in India starts production, flooding the market with machine-made goods.

Factories Come Up

• 1854 - First cotton mill setup in Bombay.
• 1855 - First jute mill setup in Bengal.
• 1874 - First spinning and weaving mil setup in Madras.
• Who set up the industries?
• Where did the capital come from?
• Who came to work in the mills?

4.1  The Early Entrepreneurs

• The British in India began exporting opium to China and exchange tea from China to England.
• Many Indians became junior players during this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments.
• Having earned through trade, a number of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
• In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made came upon six joint-stock companies within the 1830's and 1840's.
• Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in Bombay, India.
• In 1917, Seth Hukumchand, came upon the primary Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
• Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
• Other commercial groups, they weren't directly involved in external trade.
• They carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders.
• When opportunities of investment in industries opened , many of them found out factories.
• As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian traders could function became increasingly limited.
• They were prohibited from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mainly raw materials and food grains – raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo – required by the British.
• They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
• Till the first war , European Managing Agencies controlled an out sized sector of Indian industries.
• Three of the most important ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilized capital, found out joint-stock companies and managed them.

4.2  Where Did The Workers Come From?

• In 1901, 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436, 000
• Where did the workers come from?
• Peasants and artisans migrates to the industrial centers in search of work.
• The jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, and provided them money in times of crisis.
• The jobber began demanding money and gifts for his favor and controlling the lives of workers.

The Peculiarities Of Commercial Growth

• European Managing Agencies, dominated industrial production in Indian region, were fascinated by certain type of products.
• They established tea and occasional plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and that they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
• Most of those were products required primarily for export trade and not available in India.
• Indian businessmen began fixing industries within the late 19th century, they avoided competing with Manchester goods.
• The early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn (thread) instead of fabric.
• The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was employed by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.
• By the first decade of the 20th century, the pattern of industrialization affected by a series of changes.
• As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists convinced people to boycott foreign cloth.
• Industrial groups organized themselves to guard their collective interests, pressurizing the govt to extend tariff protection and grant other concessions.
• From 1906, produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market, and the export of Indian yarn to China, declined.
• So Indian industrialists began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton yard goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
• Industrial growth was slow, till the 1st world war.
• With British mills busy with war production to satisfy the requirements of the military , Manchester imports into India declined.
• Indian mills had a huge home market to supply.

5.1  Small-Scale Industries Predominate

• While factory industries rise steadily after the war, large industries contribute only a little segment of the economy.
• About 67% factories were located in Bengal and Bombay in 1911.
• Over the remainder of the country, small-scale production continued to predominate.
• Only a little proportion of the entire industrial labor pool worked in registered factories, 5% in 1911 and 10% in 1931.
• While cheap machine-made thread exhausted the spinning industry within the 19th century, the weavers survived, despite problems.
• within the twentieth century, hand-loom cloth production expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.
• By the 2nd decade of the 20th century we discover weavers using looms with a fly shuttle.
• By 1941, over 35% of hand-looms in India were fitted with fly shuttles, in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80%.

Market For Goods

• British manufacturers tried to take over the Indian market.
• Indian weavers, craftsmen, traders and industrialists resist colonial control, demand tariff protection, build their own spaces, and tried to increase the marketplace for their produce.
• One way during which new consumers are created is through advertisements - advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.
• Nowadays we live in a era where advertisements surround us. they seem in magazines, hoardings, newspapers, street walls, television screens.
• When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the fabric.
• Images of Indian gods and goddesses would had been often appeared on these labels.
• By the late 19th century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularize their products. Because calendars were used even by people that couldn't read.
• Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. The message fairly often appeared to say: if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the merchandise was getting used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality couldn't be questioned.
• If you look after the state, then buy products that Indians produce Advertisements became a symbol of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Conclusion

• Clearly, the age of industries has meant major technological changes, growth of factories, and therefore the making of a replacement industrial labor pool . However, as you've got seen, hand technology and small-scale production remained a crucial a part of the industrial landscape.

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