Introduction
Production of products in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is named manufacturing.
People employed within the secondary activities, manufacture the first materials into finished goods.
The workers employed in steel factories, breweries, textile industries, car, bakeries etc. fall under this category.
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of producing industries.
Importance Of Manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of general and economic development.
It help in modernizing agriculture.
It reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Its main aim is to eradicate of unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, increase in foreign exchange.
Aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in backward areas.
National prosperity
Role Of Industries In Agriculture
Agriculture and industries, are co-dependent on each other, they move with hand in hand.
Many industries are depend on agriculture for raw material. For instance sugar and textile etc.
At the same time, many industrial products like fertilizers, irrigation, pumps, PVC pipes, tractors, tools help in increasing agricultural productivity.
Contribution Of Industries To Economy
Over the last 20 years , the share of producing sector has stayed at 17% of GDP – out of a complete of 27% for the industry.
Much lower as compared to some East Asian economies, where it's 25% to 35%
The desired rate of growth over subsequent decade is 12%, which has been around only 7% each year in the last decade.
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)-to develop the sector of producing industries.
Factors That Affects Industrial Location
These are influenced by availability of staple , labor, capital, power and market, etc.
It is rarely possible to seek out of these factors available at one place.
Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of commercial location are either available or are often arranged at lower cost.
Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand, if the industries are located in or near the cities
Cities provide markets and also provide services like banking, insurance, transport, labor, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.
Many industries tend to come together to form use of the advantages offered by the urban centers called agglomeration economies.
In the pre-Independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places from the purpose of view of overseas trade like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc.
Classification Of Industries
Various manufactured products we use in our standard of living like – transistors, electric bulbs, oil , cement, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, automobiles, medicines and so on.
If we classify the varied industries supported a specific criterion then we might be ready to understand their manufacturing better.
On the premise of source of raw materials used :
Agro Based : Cotton, silk textile, jute, rubber, woolen, and sugar, edible oil, tea, coffee.
Mineral Based: Iron and steel, machine tools, aluminum, cement, petrochemicals.
On the basis of their main role :
Basic or key industries are those who supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
Consumer industries that manufacture goods for direct use by consumers – sewing machines, sugar, toothpaste, paper, fans etc.
On the basis of capital investment :
A small scale industry or manufacturing that need small investments.
A large scale industries or manufacturing that need large investments.
This limit has been changed over a period of time.
On the basis of ownership :
Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies for instance : BHEL, SAIL etc.
Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a bunch of people –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of people . Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
Cooperative sector industries are ofte owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the losses or profits proportionately.
Such instance are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, and the coir industry in Kerala.
On the premise of bulk and weight of staple and finished goods :
Heavy industries such as iron and steel.
Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods like electrical goods industries.
Textile Industries
It occupies unique position in the Indian national economy, because it contributes significantly to :
Industrial production of 14%.
Employment generation (the second largest after agriculture - 35 million persons directly).
Foreign exchange earnings of about 24.6%.
It contributes 4% towards GDP.
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw material to the highest value added products.
Major Challenges
Increase in the production of good quality long staple cotton but the need to import is still felt.
Power supply is often erratic.
Machinery needs to be upgraded in both weaving and processing sectors.
The low output of labor.
Stiff competition faces by cotton textile industries with the synthetic fiber industry.
Jute Textile Industries
India is one of the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, due to favorable conditions.
Jute is used to make gunny bags, ropes, mats, etc.
Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh, also has jute mills.
The first jute mill was set up in 1855 at Rishra, Kolkata.
After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but ¾ of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
Favorable Conditions Near Hooghly River
West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
Coal available from nearby Raniganj coalfields.
Hooghly river provide water for industrial use.
Warm and humid climate is needed for jute cultivation.
Cheap labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
Kolkata as a large urban center provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
Major Challenges
Stiff competition from synthetic substitutes.
Internal demand for jute packaging has increased due to the government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.
In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers, improving quality and enhancing the yield per hectare.
The main markets are U.S.A., Saudi Arabia, Canada, Australia, U.K. and Ghana.
The growing global concern for environment friendly products and biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.
Sugar Industry
India stands 2nd as a world producer of sugar 1st in the production of Gur and khandsari.
Sugar mills are located in UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat etc.
60% mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
This industry is seasonal in nature and suited to the cooperative sector.
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, particularly, especially in Maharashtra.
This is because the sugarcane produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cold climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Major Challenges
The seasonal nature of the industry.
Old and inefficient methods of production.
Transport delay in reaching cane to factories.
Need to maximize the use of bagasse.
Iron and Steel Industry
The iron and steel industry is always considered as basic industry.
All the other industries, heavy, medium and light, are depend on it, for their machinery.
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs and more labor.
Concentrated close to mineral rich areas of Chota Nagpur plateau region in west Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Relative advantages this region-low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labor and vast growth potential in the home market.
Major Challenges
We are not able to perform to our full potential largely because of the following reasons :
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal that is used to produce good-quality coke.
(b) Lower productivity of labor
(c) Irregular supply of energy and
(d) Poor infrastructure.
Aluminum Smelting
Aluminum smelting is the second most vital metallurgical industry in India.
It is light, immune to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it's mixed with other metals.
It is used to produce aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in various industries.
Aluminum smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
In 2014–15 India produced about 3.96 million tones of aluminum.
Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish colored rock.
Chemical Industries
The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying by the time.
It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world in term of its size.
It comprises both large and tiny scale manufacturing units.
Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors of India.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
Organic Chemicals
It include petrochemicals-used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
It’s Plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Basic chemicals undergo in some processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
Fertilizer Industries
The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and fertilizers which have a combination of Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P), and Potash (K).
The potash entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.
India is the 3rd largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world.
Cement Industries
Cement is important for construction activity like building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum etc.
Coal and electrical power are needed aside from rail transportation.
The industry has strategically located some plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
The first cement plant was established in Chennai in 1904.
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to form rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
This industry is doing in terms of production as well as export.
Automobile Industries
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of goods, services and passengers.
This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 yrs.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments.
At present day in India, there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multiutility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three-wheelers.
The industry is located around Delhi, Guru gram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology And Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment's required by the telecommunication industry.
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of modern India.
Other important centers for electronic goods are Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
A major impact of this industry has been emerged on employment generation. It is encouraging to understand that 30 per cent of the people employed during this sector are women.
The continuing and rapid growth in the software and hardware is the key to the success of IT industry in India.
Industrial Pollution And Environmental Degradation
Industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development, but the increase in pollution and degradation of environment.
Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.
Air Pollution
It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Airborne particulate materials contain dust, sprays mist and smoke.
Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms and safety measures.
Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and therefore the atmosphere as an entire.
Water Pollution
It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers, ponds and lakes.
Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.
Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the main solid wastes in India.
Thermal Pollution
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot and polluted water from factories and thermal plants is drained into ponds and rivers before cooling.
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages in near by areas.
Soil and water pollution are closely related to each other.
Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless of very less fertile.
Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated by harmful chemicals.
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects in infants or in adults as well.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise pollution.
Control Of Environmental Degradation
Minimizing use of water by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds, that can be done in three phases.
Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
Secondary treatment by biological process.
Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
Particulate matter within the air are often reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
Smoke are often reduced by using oil or gas rather than coal.
Machinery and generators should be fitted with silencers.
Almost all machinery are often redesigned to extend energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise absorbing material could also be used aside from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
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