Class 10th Easy Notes History Ch 1 NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Headings of text book

1. The French Revolution and the Idea of the state
2. The Making of Nationalism in Europe
3. The Age of Revolutions : 1830-1848
4. The Making of Germany and Italy
5. Visualizing the Nation
6. Nationalism and Imperialism

1. The French Revolution and the Idea of the States

• 1789 - abolition of monarchy and establishment of democracy
• Power transfer from monarch to common people
• Brought new flag
• French became national language
• New national anthem composed
• Elected Estate general and renamed as national assembly
• Internal custom duties were abolished
• Nationalism idea taken abroad by French army

Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1799 – Napoleon came in power
• 1804 – Civil code or  Napoleonic code
• Equality before law
• Right to property
• Feudal system was abolished
• Freed peasants from serfdom
• Guild restrictions were removed
• Transport and communication systems were improved

Drawback of civil codes

• Increased taxes
• Censorship were imposed
• Forced to join French army

2. The Making of Nationalism in Europe

• No nation state
• Habsburg empire – many languages like French, Italian, German.

Division of societies

• First estate – aristocrats – high class, dominating, all rights
• Second estate -  peasants – low class, land less, no rights
• Middle class – industrialists, businessman, professionals, 

• Two ideas - nation unity, and liberal nationalism
• Individual freedom
• Equality before law
• Government with people agreement
• End of autocracy
• 1834 - custom union formed – Zollverein
• Started by Prussia
• Many other German states joined later
• Trade barrier were abolished
• Reduced number of currencies

Battle of Waterloo

• 1815 – Napoleon vs PRAB (Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain) – conservatism
• Treaty of Vienna signed
• Bourbon dynasty restored
• Set up French boundaries
• Prussia got new territories in west
• Austria got controlled over north Italy
• Russia got Poland

3. The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

July revolution

• Bourbon dynasty overthrown by liberal revolutionaries
• Constitutional monarchy was setup
• Louise Philippe – head of constitutional monarchy
• Revolution started in Brussels
• Belgium got separated from Netherlands

Greek revolution

• 1821 - Greek war of independence started
•  Western European countries helped Greeks
• 1832 -  Treaty of Constantinople
• Greek declare as an independent country

Romanticism

• German philosopher – Johann Gottfried
• End of 18th century
• Polish language removed
• Russian language implements
• 1831 polish try to war
• Bishops and priest were imprisoned
• 1830- hunger, hardships and popular revolts
• Louise Philippe – removed from that position
• Right to vote
• Right to work
• 1845 – weavers revolt against contractors – payment decreased
• 4th June 1845 - contractor ran away
• 11 weavers were shot
• 1848- the revolution of liberals
• Middle class wanted to make a nation state
• Parliamentary principles
• All Germans national party

4. The Making of Germany and Italy

Germany

• Junkers of Prussia + middle class
• Otto von Bismarck – leader
• 7 years of war – Austria, Denmark, France
• January 1871 – William I  came in power
• Germany unified

Italy

• 19th century – Italy divided in 7 states
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Italian revolutionary
• Member of secret society - Carbonary
• Believed in unification of Italy
• Cavour led the movement
• Peasants joined the movement
• 1861 -  ltaly unified - Victor Emmanuel proclaimed as king  of united Italy

Britain

• No British nation before 18th century
• English parliament seized the power from monarchy in 1688
• England became the nation state
• Act of union 1707 between Scotland and England
• Member of England became dominant in British parliament
• 1801 – Ireland united with Britain forcibly
• England+ Scotland+ Ireland = Britain

5. Visualizing the Nation

Marianne Of France

Germania of Germany

• Personification : allegory represents liberty, justice and republic
• Marianne of France
• Germania of Germany

6. Nationalism and Imperialism

• Balkans – ottoman empire
• They jealous of each other and to expand more area
• One by one declare independence
• Other countries attracted
• Expansion of power using military in a particular region called imperialism .
• This led to World War 1

FOR COMPLETE EXPLANATION CLICK HERE : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZGbNPZPUcE

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