Class 10th Geography Easy Notes Ch 3 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

• Everything available in our surroundings which may be wont to satisfy our needs, are often termed as ‘Resource’.
• Human being interdependent on nature, technology and institution.
• Human interact with nature through technology and make institutions to accelerate their country's economic development.
• Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.
• They transform material available in our surroundings into resources and use them.
• These resources are often classified within the following ways :

1. On the premise of origin – biotic and abiotic
2. On the premise of exhaustibility – Renewable resources and Non-renewable resources
3. On the premise of ownership – individual, community, national and international
4. On the premise of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves

On the premise of origin – biotic and abiotic

1. Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life like citizenry , flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
2. Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic resources, for instance, rocks and metals.

On the premise of exhaustibility – Renewable resources and Non-renewable resources

1. Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are mentioned as renewable or replenish-able resources. for instance , solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife etc.
2. Non-Renewable Resources: These resources take many years in their formation. Minerals and fossil fuels are samples of such resources.

On the premise of ownership – individual, community, national and international

1. Individual Resources: These also are owned privately by individuals. In villages there are people with land ownership but there are many that are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property.
2. Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all or any the members of the community. Village commons like grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. and public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas.
3. National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the state . The country has legal powers to accumulate even personal property for public good, like roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals.
4. International Resources : There are international organisations which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to international resources and no individual or a particular country can utilize these resources without the concurrence of international organizations.

On the premise of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves

1. Potential Resources: Resources which are found during a region, but haven't been utilized. for instance : Rajasthan, Gujarat.
2. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity are determined for utilization. the event of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
3. Stock : resources within the environment, which have the potential to fulfill human needs, but citizenry do not have the acceptable technology to access these, are included among stock.
4. Reserves : Reserves are the sub-category of the stock, which may be put into use with the assistance of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. These are often used for meeting future requirements.

Development of resources

• Human beings used resources indiscriminately and this has led to the next major problems :
• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few of people .
• Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and have not or rich and poor.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources cause global ecological crises like environmental pollution, ozone layer depletion, heating and land degradation.
• If this trend of resource depletion by a few of people and countries continues, the long run of our planet is in peril .
• That’s why development must be sustainable.

Sustainable development

• Sustainable economic development means ‘development should happen without damaging the environment, and development within this shouldn't compromise with the wants of the long run generations.
• Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
• In June 1992, quite 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit.
• For taking action about urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the worldwide level.
• The leaders, who were present at this summit, signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.
• The Rio Convention endorsed the worldwide Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development.

Agenda 21

• In 1992 the declaration signed by world leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
• It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
• It is an agenda to fight against poverty, environmental damage, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
• One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Resources planning

• Planning is that the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
• A country like India, which has enormous diversity within the supply of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain kinds of resources but are deficient in another resources.
• India needs balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and native levels.

Resources planning in India

• Identification and inventory of resources across the country. This involves mapping surveying, and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
• Develop a planning structure provided with appropriate technology, skill and institutional acknowledged for applying resource development plans.
• Matching the overall national development plans with resource development plans.

Conservation of resources

• Over-utilization and Irrational consumption of resources may cause socio-economic and environmental problems.

Land resources

• land could also be a natural resources of utmost importance. It supports human life, natural vegetation, wild life, economic activities,  communication and transport systems.
• India has land under a selection of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands..

Land utilization

Land resources are used for the subsequent purposes:

1). Forests

2). Land not available for cultivation
a). Barren and waste land
b). Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads etc.

3). Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
a). Permanent pastures and pasture
b). Land under varios tree crops groves (not included in net sown area)
c). Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for quite 5 agricultural years).

4). Fallow lands
a). Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or but one agricultural year)
b). aside from current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to five agricultural years).

5). Net sown area sown quite once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is understood as gross cropped area.

Land use pattern in India

• The use of land is decided both by physical factors like soil types, topography, climate and also as human factors like population density, culture, traditions and technological capability etc.
• Most of the opposite than the present fallow lands are either of poor quality or the value of cultivation of such land is extremely high.
• Forest area within the country is much but the required 33 per cent of geographical region, because it has been outlined within the National Forest policy (1952).
• It was considered necessary for maintenance of the ecological balance.
• Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land put to other non-agricultural uses includes roads, railways, settlements, industry etc.
• Continuous use of land over an extended period of your time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.

Land degradation and conservation measures

• Human activities haven't only caused degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land.
• Most of human activities like deforestation, mining, overgrazing, and quarrying, play a part in land degradation.
• Mining sites leaves abandoned after complete excavation, leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening.
• Proper management of grazing and afforestation can help to some extent.
• Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are variety of the methods to examine land degradation in arid areas.
• Proper discharge and disposal of economic effluents, control of mining activities, proper management of waste lands, and wastes after treatment can reduce water and land degradation in suburban areas and industrial areas

Soil as resources

• Soil is that the most vital renewable natural resources .
• Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other sorts of life and time are important factors within the formation of soil.
• Various forces of nature like change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil.
• Soil also consists of organic and inorganic materials.

Classification of soil

1). Soil

- Khadar
- Bangar

2). Black soil

3). Red and yellow soil

4). Laterite soil

5). Arid soil

6). Forest soil


Alluvial soil :

• The entire northern plains are made from soil .
• The soil consists of varied proportions of sand, silt and clay.
• Consistent with their age alluvial soils are often classified as :

         a). Old alluvial (Bangar)
         b).  New alluvial (Khadar).

• The Bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules as compared to the Khadar.
• Khadar has more fine particles and is more fertile as compared to the Bangar.
• Alluvial soils contain potash, orthophosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the expansion of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
• Due to its high fertility, areas of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

Black soil :

• These soils are black in color and also known as regur soils.
• Black soil is additionally referred to as black cotton soil.
• This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region cover northwest Deccan plateau and is formed from lava flows.
• The black soils are made from extremely fine i.e. clayey material. they're well-known for his or her capacity to carry moisture.
• This soil is rich in carbonate , magnesium, potash and lime, but generally poor in phosphoric contents.

Red and yellow soils :

• Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall within the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
• These also are found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the center Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
• These soils develop a reddish color thanks to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. it's yellow when it occurs during a hydrated form.

Laterite soils :

• The laterite soil emerges under tropical and subtropical climate with alternate wet and season. Heavy rain results intense leaching.
• Lateritic soils are occur mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and North-east regions.
• After adopting appropriate conservation techniques particularly within the hilly areas, this soil is extremely useful for growing tea and occasional .

Arid soil :

• In India arid soil found from red to brown in colour.
• They are generally saline in nature and sandy in texture.
• Due to the dry climate and heat, evaporation is quicker and that's why the soil lacks moisture and humus.
• The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar due to the increasing calcium content downwards.
• After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been within the case of western Rajasthan.

Forest soil :

• These soils are found within the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.
• The soils texture varies consistent with the mountain environment where they're formed.
• They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained within the upper slopes.
• In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils are acidic with low humus content and experience denudation.

Soil erosion

• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as erosion .
• The processes of soil formation and erosion, continue at the same time and usually there's a balance between the two, this balance is disturbed because of human activities like over-grazing, construction, mining, and above of all is deforestation.
• Natural forces like wind, glacier and water cause erosion .
• Soil erosion is additionally caused because of defective methods of farming.

Soil conservation

Contour ploughing :
Ploughing along the contour lines can slow the flow of water down the slopes. This is often called contour ploughing.

Terrace farming :
Steps are often cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. this is often called terrace farming.

Strip cropping :
Large fields are often divided into strips. Sometimes, Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is understood as farming .

Shelter belts :
Planting lines of trees to make shelter also works during a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.





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