Class 10th Easy Notes History Ch 3 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Headings of textbook

1. The First war , Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
2. Differing Strands within the Movement
3. Towards direct action
4. The Sense of Collective Belonging
5. Conclusion

1. The First war , Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

• The war created a replacement economic and political situation
• A huge increase in defense expenditure
• Customs duties were raised and tax introduced
• Forced recruitment
• In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, leading to acute shortages of food
• In 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a results of famines and therefore the epidemic

1.1 The thought of Satyagraha

• Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915
• The thought of satyagraha: if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force wasn't necessary to fight the oppressor
• He believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians
• In 1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to encourage the peasants to fight against the plantation system
• In 1917, he arranged a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat
• In 1918, He visited Ahmedabad to arrange a satyagraha movement amongst textile mill workers.

1.2 The Rowlatt Act

• In 1919 Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act (1919)
• What was Rowlatt Act (1919) ?
• Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent direct action against such biased laws, which might start with a strike on 6 April
• On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, that provoke widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
• General Dyer took command and law was imposed.
• On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident happened
• Many villagers were unaware of the law that had been imposed
• More than 1,500 injured, with approximately 1,000 dead
• His object was to make a sense of terror and awe within the minds of satyagrahis
• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the bottom , crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all or any sahibs
• Seeing violence spread, Gandhi called off the movement
• This movement was still limited mostly to cities and towns
• Gandhi ji now felt the necessity to launch a more broad-based movement in India
• No such movement might be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together
• The First war had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey
• In March 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay.
• Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the probability of a united mass-action principle on the current issues.
• Mahatma Gandhi saw this as a chance to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
• Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920
• Need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat also as for Swaraj

1.3 Why Non-cooperation?

• Hind Swaraj (1909) by Gandhi
• It should begin with the surrender of titles that the govt awarded, and a boycott of civil services
• They feared that the movement might cause popular violence
• In December 1920, a compromise was figured out and therefore the Non-Cooperation program was adopted
• How did the movement unfold?
• Who participated in it?
• How did different social groups imagine the thought of Non-Cooperation?

2. Differing Strands within the Movement

• The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921
• Various social groups participated during this movement
• Each with its own specific aspiration
• All of them skilled the decision of Swaraj, but the term meant various things to different people

2.1 The Movement within the Towns

• The movement started with middle-class participation within the cities
• As the movement start, headmasters and teachers resigned, thousands of scholars left government-controlled schools and colleges, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed.
• Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
• Between 1921 and 1922, the import of foreign cloth halved, its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
• Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms rise.
• But this movement within the cities gradually bogged down for a spread of reasons
• Khadi cloth was often costlier than mass produced mill cloth
• Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a drag . For the movement to achieve success , alternative Indian institutions had to be found out
• Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back add government courts.

2.2 Rebellion within the Countryside

• In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramachandra
• Peasants had to try to to begar and work on landlords’ farms with none payment
• The movement here was against talukdars and landlords
• In June 1920, Nehru began going round the villages in Awadh
• As the movement spread in 1921, the homes of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were appropriated
• The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to solicit all action.
• Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhi and therefore the idea of Swaraj in yet one more way
• The colonial government had closed large forest areas
• Preventing people to graze their cattle, or to gather fuelwood and fruits
• Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being contradict.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a spread of special powers
• He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and will survive even bullet shots
• He asserted that India might be liberated only by the utilization of force, not non-violence
• Raju was captured and executed in 1924

2.3 Swaraj within the Plantations

• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers weren't permitted to go away the tea gardens without permission
• Thousands of workers go against the authorities, left the plantations and headed home
• They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up
• When the tribal chanted Gandhi's name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat’, they were also emotionally concerning an all-India agitation

2.4 Chauri Chaura, 1922

• A peaceful demonstration during a bazaar at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, became a violent clash with the police.
• The incident led to the deaths of 3 civilians and 22 policemen
• Gandhi , who was strictly against violence, halted the non co-operation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as an immediate results of this incident

3. Towards Civil Dis-Obedience

• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to take back the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they might be ready for mass struggles
• Some leaders of Congress were now uninterested in mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been found out by the govt of India Act of 1919
• C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party
• Agricultural prices began to fell down from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. because the requirement for agricultural goods fell down and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
• The commission did not have one Indian member. They were all British.
• Under Sir John Simon, the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission.
• In 1928 The Simon Commission arrived in India, it had been greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’
• A Round Table Conference to debate a future constitution
• In December 1929, the Lahore Congress started the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru,
• It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated because the Independence Day

3.1 The Salt March and therefore the direct action Movement

• Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a strong symbol that would unite the state
• On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, and stated If the stress weren't fulfilled by 11 March, they might launch a direct action movement
• The most stirring of all, was the demand to eliminate the salt tax
• Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march amid 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi
• The volunteers walked for twenty-four days, about 10 miles each day
• On 6 April Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water
• This marked the start of the direct action Movement
• Thousands in several parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated ahead of state salt factories
• Farmers refused to pay chaukidari taxes and revenue, forest people violated forest laws by going into Reserved Forests to assemble wood and graze cattle, village officials resigned.
• The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was captured in April 1930
• When Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked all structures that symbolized British colonial rule like, police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations.
• A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression about 100,000 people were arrested
• 5 March 1931 : Gandhi Irwin Pact - 2nd round table conference
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Pandit Jawahar lal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal.
• Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the direct action Movement. For over a year, the movement continued, but it lost its momentum by 1934.

3.2 How Participants saw the Movement

• Why did they join the movement?
• What were their ideals?
• What did Swaraj mean to them?
• The Patidars of Gujarat and therefore the Jats of Uttar Pradesh
• They were greatly disappointed when the movement was withdrawn in 1931 without the revenue rates being amend . So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them deny to participate
• The relationship between the poor peasants and therefore the Congress remained uncertain
• What about the business classes?
• How did they relate to the direct action Movement?
• During the primary war , Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful
• In 1920 they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congres.
• In 1927 they formed Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI).
• Led by notable industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D . Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the direct action Movement when it had been first launched
• The industrial working classes didn't participate within the direct action Movement
• In 1930 railway workers strikes and dockworkers in 1932. Thousands of workers in Chhota-Nagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and took part in protest rallies and boycott campaigns, in 1930. 
• large-scale participation of girls within the direct action Movement
• Satyagrahis participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
• Many ladies visited jail

3.3 The bounds of direct action

• The nation’s ‘untouchables’, who from round the 1930s had begun to call themselves Dalit or oppressed.
• Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for 100 years, if un-touchability was not eliminated.
• Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha to secure untouchables entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools, also he called the ‘untouchables’ as "Harijan or the kids of God".
• They believed Political empowerment, would resolve the issues of their social disabilities
• Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar, contradict with Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. In 1930 he structured the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association. 
• Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhi ji’s position and therefore the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932
• From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly related to openly Hindu religious nationalist groups just like the Hindu Mahasabha
• Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their worry about the status of Muslims as a minority within India

4. The Sense of Collective Belonging

• Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they're all a part of an equivalent nation, once they discover some unity that binds them together
• History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a neighborhood within the making of nationalism.
• It was within the twentieth century, with the expansion of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually related to the image of Bharat Mata
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, created the first image of Bharat Mata, within the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to his motherland.
• Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata
• The image of Bharat Mata acquired many various forms, because it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists. Devotion to the present woman came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism
• In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for people revival
• In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a huge four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India
• A tri color flag (red, green and yellow) was designed during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. It had a crescent moon, symbolizing Hindus and Muslims and eight lotuses symbolizing eight provinces of British India.
• Indians started to looking into the past to get India’s great achievements.They wrote about the superb developments in past when art and architecture, science and arithmetic , religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished in India.

Conclusion

• A growing anger against the colonial rule was thus bringing together various groups and classes of Indians
• Diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with diverse aspirations and expectations.
• The Congress continuously attempted to resolve differences, and make sure that the stress of 1 group didn't alienate another

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